Marco
Marco is a whole heartedly devoted scholar while his wife Rosie is devoted to dancing. In her life nothing is more important than dancing. Their ambition play major part but they are honest about their feelings. Marco marries Rosie to raise her social strength. As she was a daughter of a dancer her community does not enjoy social status. They were public women. It was difficult to a Devadasi to get a husband like Marco. Marco had always made her realize that he has done a favor to her in marrying her. As a result he never accepted as equal and she felt inferior to him in spite of her education.
Marco never extended affection or warm feelings to keep Rosie happy. He expected that she would be understanding and mature, but he could not understand a woman’s feelings. There was no respect for her desires. He treated her coldly and cruelly. He always considered dancing a cheap activity. If he had consideration Rosie would have been loyal to him. He was an unsuccessful husband.
Marco however is very honest and sincere. He is a true scholar. He became famous after publication of his book. Towards the end of the novel he wishes to send the jewelries back to her. He is also kind to give Rosie complete freedom once they separated.

Childhood days of Raju
Raju lives in a small house opposite to Malgudi station. His father was a shopkeeper who sold peppermint fruit, tobacco, betel leaf, parched gram and such other petty particles. Raju helped his father in the shop keeping while sitting at the shop selling peppermints and eating them was easy for Raju. But he did not like to be wake up at the shattering cry of the eccentric cockerel every morning. He hated learning alphabets and simple arithmetic from his father. Whenever he as free he played under the tamarind tree. Raju had no company and enjoyed looking at the scene and men who visited his father’s shop.
One day Raju noticed much activity in front of his house. Later he learned that a railway truck and railway station were to be built there. There was a great excitement. When the truck were parked under the tamarind tree Raju went on playing on the mud and construction materials. One day his father’s friend heard Raju using bad language. He complained to his father and Raju’s father was very angry at this.
So he decided to send him to school. His father admitted Raju to the pyol school thought Albert mission school was nearer his father did not send him there, because his father believed that 
there the boys were converted to Christianity. The Pyol School was run by an old teacher. All the classes were held at the pyol in front of his house at the same time. The teacher made the students ready loudly from their book and copy down the letters on their slates. The teacher was a very abusive man. The teacher was pain one rupee per month for each boy. However the boys brought presents and eatables frequently. Whenever the teacher is short of articles he would ask the boys to bring it out to him from his home.
The boys made a lot of noise. They were very mischievous. Raju’s mother made much fuss on his first day to the school. Raju was very happy at the attention given to him. Later he was bored with all the activities. He took his own time to reach the school. The teacher was always busy with the household works. The students followed the teacher, the moment his back was turned. One day the students found him cooking in the kitchen. All the boys giggled and the old master was very angry. He frightened them to hand over to the police if they followed him. That day onwards their attention diverted to the drain running beneath the pyol. They made paper boats and floated it in the drain water.
Raju was intelligent, though the teacher was abusive he could learn much very soon because within a year he was found fit to be admitted to the first standard in the Board High School. The teacher himself took Raju and two others there and blessed them before leaving. Here the writer speaks about the kind hearted teacher though he was abusive. In this was R.K.Narayan gives a detailed account of Raju’s early life.




Describe Raju as a guide of tourist
After the railways come to Malgudi Raju’s father opened a shop at the station and Raju was asked to look after the shop. The business was very brisk but Raju’s education came to an end. After his father’s death he was completely incharge of the business. He was always giving guidance to tourists who came to Malgudi. Gradually he involved into a part time shopkeeper and full time tourist guide.
Thereafter he came to be called as “Railway Raju”. As a result of his constant contact with tourists he developed the habit of taking them to historical places, temples and places of scenic beauty. The tourists were pleased with his service and his fame spread far and wide. He was intelligent and eager. He learnt to recognize a tourist and a customer as soon as they step on to the platform. Slowly he became an expert guide as he could guess the economic condition of a tourist and prepared himself to cater to their needs.
Sometimes he arranged for the tourists to watch the trappings of elephants or bears. He was in constant touch with the forest department. If someone wanted to see a tiger or shoot one he could arrange it. In the same manner Raju also arranged a cobra dance for Rosie.



Describe the meeting between Raju and Velan
After his release from the prison Raju comes to Mangala Village and decided to settle in an old temple on the bank of a river. The man named Velan come and sit with Raju. He tells him about his domestic problems especially about his youngest sister. Raju ask Velan to bring the girl to him. He talks to the girl and results in miraculous changes. She consents to marry the boy chosen by the family. Velan is very happy and he starts to respect Raju as a holy man. Soon the news spreads in the village and people start visiting the old temple where Raju was staying. They brought with them food and fruits. They look upon Raju as a great man who could work miracles. The episode of Velan projects Raju as a saint. Towards the end of the story Raju narrates his past to make Velan understand that he was only an ordinary man, but Velan never stops to respect him. So Raju continues to live as a saint in the eyes of the villagers.
The guide is a story of a man who deceives society by passing for a spiritual man. Discuss
Raju in The Guide saint accidently. He fights himself in the role of a holy man. He performs with great interest, partly for the sake of self preservation and also because it suits his personality. It is Raju’s habit to perform whatever role is assigned to him by fate. He learns that the essence sainthood seems to be once ability gives mystifying statements. Once he accepts the part of a saint Raju with characteristic thoroughness pays attention to details like his appearance, his beard etc
Another act that confirms Raju’s career as a saint is his establishment of a night school in the temple. This school becomes the center around which the village people gather every evening to listen to Raju’s discourses and stories. These evening sessions grow in popularity until Raju became a public figure, but the idea of a school originates quite by accident. Even the final episode of fasting originates in a similarly insignificant manner. During the prolonged drought the villagers are tense and a minor quarrel develops into a fight. This news upsets Raju not because he is genuinely concerned about the welfare of the village people, but because he is afraid that the disturbance might attract public notice to the village and if the news paper reports and policeman arrives Raju’s identity might be disclosed. It is a purely selfish reason that makes him announce that if the people continue such foolish acts him would stop eating food. Velan’s brother who carries this message delivers it in a wrong manner. Hence the villagers believe that Raju, the saint, is going to fast waiting for the rain.
The villagers who believe the message stop bringing him food. The purpose of accepting the role of a Swami was free supply of food but now the supply has stopped. Playing the part of a 
saint has reached the situation was no longer under his control. Raju himself had said in his discourse that a saint would undergo sacrifice and suffering to purify the sins of others, but it was the faith of the people that compel him to act as Swami. There is a moment of illumination in which he acquires power to go beyond himself. The Swami in a saffron robe is a symbol in Indian literature and Narayan uses this symbol to reveal a great deal about them and their art.

UNIT 2

Fundamental rights and duties

Fundamental Rights

1) Right to Equity: It provides social civil and economic justice. It has following forms:

a) Equity before law.

b) Right against discrimination; No discrimination can be there in entry to public places on any basis

c) Right to Equal opportunity: It should be provided in public employment

d) Abolition of untouchability:

e) Abolition of Titles.

2) Right to freedom:

i. Freedom of speech and expression.

ii. Assemble peacefully without arms.

iii. Form association or union.

iv. Move freely in the territory of India.

v. Reside and settle in any part of India.

vi. Practice any profession, occupation, trade and business.

vii. No person can be punished except violating laws.

viii. Cannot be punished twice for same offence.

ix. No self-incrimination.

x. Right to be informed the ground of arrest.

xi. Right to be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours of arrest.

xii. Right to freedom within three months unless advised by Advisory board.

3) Right against exploitation: Prostitution and employing child below 14 years is prohibited to protect the health of citizen.

4) Right of Freedom of Religion:

5) Cultural and Educational rights: Any one is free to gain Education and be in any distinct. And no discrimination in grading aids for minority groups.

6) Rights to constitutional remedies: When the government encroaches on fundamental rights of the individuals can find remedies through the courts.

Fundamental Duties

1) To abide by the constitution respect its ideals and institutions, The National Flag, and the National Anthem.

2) To cherish and follow the noble ideas which inspired our national struggle from freedom.

3) To uphold the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.

4) To defense the country and render national service when called.

5) To promote the spirit of brotherhood among all Indians and linguistic and religious diversities and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.

6) To value and preserve the rich heritage of India.

7) Protect and improve national natural environment and to have compassion for living creatures.

8) To develop scientific temper, Humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform.

9) To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.

10) Toward excellence in all activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher level of endeavors and achievement.

11) To provide opportunity of education for the children between the age of 6 and 14.

Directive principles of state policy

Directive principles can be broadly classified in to 5 groups.

a) Directive principles related to social development.

i. Establishment of welfare states: The aims of all function and aim of government must be establishment of people’s social, economical and political justice.

ii. Rising in standard of living: The basic aim of government is to be better-off the public. Government must initiate and bring practice such policies.

iii. Protection of women and children: State must provide adequate facilities for this.

b) Directive principles related to economic development:

i. Provision of decent standard of living and alleviation of unemployment.

ii. Equal pay for equal work

iii. Equal distribution of wealth. No disparities.

iv. Equal distribution of factors of production. Must not be concentrated in few hands.

v. Protection if interest of workers

vi. Maintenance of health and cleanliness in factories.

vii. Right of workers to participate in management of industries.

viii. Development of agricultural sector.

c) Directive principles related to administrative development.

i. Integrated administrative system: A common law must apply in everywhere.

ii. Organizing Village Panchayats as unit of self government.

iii. Separating judiciary from executive

iv. .

d) Directive principles related to cultural development.

i. Free and compulsory education for children under age of 14

ii. Special education for people belonging to Scheduled Castes, Schedule Tribes and Other weaker sections and prohibition of their exploitation.

iii. Conservation of ancient monuments.

iv. Provide equal opportunities for all to develop their culture.

e) Directive principles related to international development:

State must make effort to promote international peace and amity and adopt policies which make peaceful relationship between other nations.

Indian Constituion summary for UG students at India

Its a must for anyone who study degree at India to pass in Indian Constitution above 40% according to an order from Indian Supreme court. So I hare give u a little help. Here is a summery of important points of Indian Constitution which s essential for exam.



UNIT 1

Definition
The rules and principles on which people enjoy their rights and perfume their duties and according to which government operates is called constitution.
Meaning and importance of Indian constitution
Importance of a constitution
 It is essential for the operation of any state. The constitution guides the way to go on and achieve the Social and Economical stability
 It makes government responsible. It is a law under which a government should operate. It states the Fundamental rights of people and makes the government responsible to see whether people enjoy their rights.
 It provides aims and objectives of any nation. There is no state without any social and economical objectives.
 It works as an instrument of change. It helps in reforming the goals of the society.

Preamble of Indian constitution
It is the introduction of the constitution. It gives four important aspects. They are;
1) Source of authority: The constitution derived its authority from people of India.
2) Nature of Indian polity: The key features of Indian polity are
a) India is a sovereign state. ( Both internally and externally free from foreign rules)
b) India is socialistic state. (It does not mean India is a socialistic country but it means that they will nationalize the sectors they want. It will have a mixed economy)
c) India is secular state. (Equal freedom for all the religions in India)
d) India is democratic state. (Indian polity is based upon democratic principles. Government is elected by people. No discrimination on the basis of sex, color, religion, race etc)
e) India is republic. (the supreme power of the state is with the people, they elect their representatives as once for a fixed period)
3) Objective of constitution: The objectives are;
a) Justice: All should enjoy social, political and economical justice.
b) Liberty: Freedom of Thoughts, Belief, Faith and Worship. The constitution hates standardization of ideas; a desert of uniformity, it wants to create healthy condition for human personality.
c) Equality: Equal opportunity is provided by the law of India which signifies equity before law and non-discrimination in matters of public employment.
d) Fraternity: Assuring the dignity of the individuals. Its intension is not just the prohibition of untouchability. It also asks for the creation of brotherhood among all the Indians and dignity among all Indians.
e) Unity and Integrity of the nation: That is to prevent from secessionist and separatist tendencies.
4) Date of adoption: 26th November 1949

Silent feature of Indian constitution
1) Drawn from various sources: The makers of constitution drawn source s from various to make a unique, good and workable one. Sources are drawn from various Acts of pr-independent India. It has also drawn from various constitutions like Canada( federal
System), Irish ( Directive principles) and England( Parliamentary System).Sources are also drawn from Various Parliamentary Acts, Amendments of constitution, Decision of Courts, Opinion of Constitutional Experts and Conventions.
2) Significant of preamble. Preamble of Indian Constitution is giving the content of Indian constitution.
3) Written and detailed constitution: Indian constitution is lengthiest of all written constitution. Therefore it helps in avoid any conflict between state and Union.
4) Enacted one: Indian Constitution was framed and enacted by Constituent Assembly formed for that purpose.
5) A sovereign Democratic Republic: No internal or external control. A system of democratic government: Head of state will be elected. It does not allow place to a king or a Monarch to rule to the country.
6) Secular state: No discrimination
7) Both Rigid and flexible:
8) Parliamentary democracy: Final legislative and financial control is with the parliament.
9) Federal Character: It encourages towards unity among people.
10) Fundamental rights: The Indian Constitution clearly says the Fundamental right.
11) Directive principles of state policy: To provide adequate means of livelihood, right to work, education and employment etc.
12) A welfare state: Maintain justice, liberty, Equality and fraternity in the country.
13) Adult franchise: Any person above age of 18 is eligible for vote and to take part in election.
14) Fundamental Duties: 11 fundamental duties are included in constitution.
15) Judicial Review: The supreme law of land is constitution. Any law against the constitution can be treated as unconstitutional. This is to protect the rights of people and dignity and sanctity of the constitution.
16) Rule of law: There is only one law for all Indians.
17) Single citizenship: All are citizen of Indian Union.
18) Abolition of communal electorate.
19) Abolition of untuochability
20) Panchayats.

(UNIT 2 WILL COME SOON)


For complete Indian Constitution visit
http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/contents.htm